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In Dmytro Vyazelenko's talk (see the articles section below), he points out that for low latency you need different designs at millisecond, microsecond and nanosecond scales. For milliseconds, avoid obvious blocking, tune GC, size thread pools, use efficient database access, and monitor tail latency. For microseconds, the design needs allocation-free hot paths, primitive collections, binary protocols, cache-friendly data structures, careful thread affinity, batching, single-writer patterns, and tools like JFR or async-profiler to understand CPU and native costs. For nanoseconds, most framework abstractions are too expensive, performance depends on in-process calls, JIT inlining, preallocated memory, predictable branch behavior, avoiding synchronization and object churn, and designing around CPU caches.

Java can be fast at all three scales, but each step down in latency removes another layer of abstraction and requires more deliberate control over memory, threading, communication, and measurement. Now on to all the usual newsletter list of links, tips, tools, news and talks, and as usual I've extracted all the tips into this month's tips page.

A note from this newsletter's sponsor

News

Java performance tuning related news

• TornadoVM 2.0 automatically accelerates Java programs on multi-core CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs
• Optimizing by analyzing JFR samples
• leave 25% headroom for non-heap memory; use MaxRAMPercentage; have liveness probes with enough initial delay, timeout, and failure thresholds to tolerate GC pauses; handle graceful shutdown on SIGTERM

Tools

Java performance tuning related tools

• Java Multithreading and Concurrency questions and explanations
• Java Performance Optimization practice questions explanations
• Virtual thread states

Articles

• Tracing Java Performance Bottlenecks (Victor Rentea/Devoxx)
• Latency: the Race to Zero...Are We There Yet? (Amir Langer/InfoQ)
• Faster or better designed? Choose any two! (Dmytro Vyazelenko/GeeCON)

Jack Shirazi

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